U.S. Presidents

A Detailed Timeline of Rutherford B. Hayes’s Presidency

Rutherford B. Hayes, the 19th President of the United States, served from March 4, 1877, to March 4, 1881. His presidency is noted for the end of Reconstruction, civil service reform, and efforts to address labor disputes. Hayes’s administration was shaped by the political challenges of the post-Civil War era and the complexities of transitioning from Reconstruction to a new phase of American governance. This article provides a detailed timeline of Hayes’s presidency, highlighting key dates and events that defined his time in office.

Inauguration and the Compromise of 1877: March-April 1877

  • March 4, 1877: Rutherford B. Hayes is inaugurated as the 19th President of the United States. His presidency begins amid controversy and uncertainty due to the contested results of the 1876 election.
  • March 7, 1877: Hayes delivers his inaugural address, emphasizing his commitment to reform, the protection of civil rights, and the restoration of national unity. He pledges to serve as a non-partisan leader and to address the country’s issues with fairness and integrity.
  • April 1, 1877: The official end of Reconstruction is marked by the withdrawal of federal troops from the South. This follows the Compromise of 1877, an informal agreement that resolves the disputed 1876 presidential election. In exchange for the presidency, Hayes agrees to withdraw federal troops from Southern states, effectively ending Reconstruction.

Civil Service Reform: 1877-1878

  • June 20, 1877: Hayes issues an executive order that bans political contributions from federal employees, aiming to reduce corruption and improve the integrity of the civil service.
  • July 1877: The Great Railroad Strike of 1877 begins, sparked by wage cuts and poor working conditions. Hayes sends federal troops to suppress the strike, leading to violent clashes between workers and soldiers. The strike highlights tensions between labor and management and the challenges of industrialization.
  • March 1880: Hayes delivers a significant message to Congress advocating for civil service reform, calling for the implementation of merit-based hiring practices. His efforts lead to the passage of the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act after his presidency.

Economic and Labor Challenges: 1877-1878

  • October 1877: The financial Panic of 1877, following the Great Railroad Strike, exacerbates economic instability. The panic leads to a period of economic depression and financial hardship, which impacts Hayes’s presidency and the national economy.
  • November 1877: Hayes addresses the economic challenges by calling for the stabilization of the currency and the promotion of economic development. His administration faces criticism for its handling of the economic downturn and labor unrest.

Native American Policy: 1877-1878

  • January 1878: Hayes’s administration deals with ongoing issues related to Native American tribes. The federal government continues its policy of negotiating treaties and managing conflicts with Native American tribes in the West.
  • May 1878: Hayes signs the Act for the Relief of the Sioux, which provides assistance and support to the Sioux Nation. This act reflects ongoing efforts to manage relations with Native American tribes and address their needs.

Foreign Policy and Diplomacy: 1877-1881

  • July 1877: The United States signs the Treaty of 1877 with the Kingdom of Hawaii, establishing a reciprocal trade agreement and furthering economic ties with the Pacific region. This treaty reflects Hayes’s focus on expanding American influence in the Pacific.
  • 1878: Hayes’s administration negotiates the Treaty of Washington with the United Kingdom, addressing various international disputes and establishing a framework for arbitration. This treaty demonstrates Hayes’s commitment to diplomacy and peaceful resolution of conflicts.

Final Year and Legacy: 1879-1881

  • April 1879: Hayes announces that he will not seek re-election, adhering to his earlier promise to serve only one term. His decision reflects his commitment to reform and his belief in the importance of adhering to principles of democratic governance.
  • November 1880: James Garfield, a Republican, is elected as Hayes’s successor. Hayes supports Garfield and aids in the transition of power, demonstrating his commitment to a peaceful transfer of leadership.
  • March 4, 1881: Rutherford B. Hayes’s presidency officially ends as James Garfield is inaugurated as the 20th President of the United States. Hayes leaves office with a mixed legacy, having overseen the end of Reconstruction and faced significant challenges related to labor unrest and economic instability.

Post-Presidency and Legacy

  • 1881-1888: After leaving the presidency, Hayes returns to his home in Fremont, Ohio, where he becomes involved in various educational and philanthropic activities. He supports the establishment of the local library and continues to advocate for educational reform.
  • 1888: Hayes serves as a trustee of the National Education Association and remains active in promoting education and civil service reform.
  • January 17, 1893: Rutherford B. Hayes dies at the age of 70. His death marks the end of a life dedicated to public service and reform.

Legacy and Impact

Rutherford B. Hayes’s presidency is characterized by several key achievements and challenges:

  • End of Reconstruction: Hayes’s presidency marks the end of Reconstruction, a significant period in American history. The withdrawal of federal troops from the South has lasting implications for civil rights and race relations in the United States.
  • Civil Service Reform: Hayes’s advocacy for civil service reform and his efforts to reduce corruption contribute to the eventual passage of the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act. This act establishes merit-based hiring practices and improves the integrity of the federal workforce.
  • Labor and Economic Challenges: Hayes faces significant challenges related to labor unrest and economic instability. His administration’s handling of these issues reflects the difficulties of managing industrialization and economic fluctuations.
  • Diplomatic Achievements: Hayes’s administration is marked by successful diplomatic efforts, including treaties with Hawaii and the United Kingdom. These achievements reflect his commitment to expanding American influence and resolving international disputes.

Conclusion

Rutherford B. Hayes’s presidency, though marked by significant challenges, played a crucial role in shaping the post-Reconstruction era in the United States. His efforts to address civil service reform, manage labor disputes, and engage in diplomacy demonstrate his commitment to effective governance and public service. Despite facing economic difficulties and political controversies, Hayes’s legacy as a leader who sought to address the nation’s pressing issues remains an important part of American history.